The+Thirty+Years+War

Zachary Manlapid =**The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)**=

Background

 * struggle between Catholicism and Calvinism; last of the religious wars
 * conflict between the Bourbon dynasty of France and the Habsburg dynasties of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire
 * Austrian Habsburgs wished to consolidate their holdings in Austria and Bohemia by eliminating Protestantism and establishing central authority
 * Holy Roman Empire remained frustrated by their lack of real authority over the lands of Germany
 * Protestant Union of German Protestant states; lead by the Elector Palatine Frederick IV; Netherlands, Britain, and France
 * Catholic League of German States organized by Duke Maximilian of Bavaria to counteract the Protestant Union; Spain, Holy Roman Empire
 * Spain was determined to gain the Netherlands

Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)

 * 1617- Bohemian Estates unhappy with the Archduke Ferdinand II (Catholic)
 * 1618- Protestant nobles rebelled
 * Rebels threw governors out of windows in the castle of Prague
 * Rebels seize Bohemia and Frederich V becomes the Palatinate
 * 1620- Ferdinand II (now the Holy Roman Emperor), aided by the Catholic League, defeated Frederich V at the Battle of White Mountain
 * 1622- Spanish troops take advantage of Frederich and invade Palatinate
 * Frederich flees to Holland
 * Spanish take West Palatinate, Duke Maximilian takes East Palatinate
 * Ferdinand reclaims Bohemia

Danish Phase (1625-1629)

 * King Christian IV of Denmark (Protestant) led an army into North Germany
 * Albrecht von Wallenstein led imperial forces North, defeated the Danish and Christian IV, and occupied Germany
 * Christian IV's defeat ended the Danish involvement in the war
 * 1629- Edict of Restitution issued by Ferdinand; prohibited Calvinist worship and restored all land taken from the Protestants to the Catholic Church

Swedish Phase (1630-1635)

 * Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, enters the war (with the support of France)
 * Holy Roman Empire calls for Wallenstein
 * (1632) Battle of Luetzen- Swedish win and Adolphus dies
 * (1634) Battle of Noerdlingen- Holy Roman Empire wins, South Germany becomes Catholic, and the Edict of Restitution is annulled

Franco-Swedish Phase (1635-1648)

 * Entrance of Cardinal Richelieu
 * religious issues start to lose significance
 * Sweden occupying North Germany vs France in the Netherlands and Rhineland (West Germany)

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

 * ended war in Germany
 * each German state can choose their religion

Peace of Pyrenees (1659)

 * ended war between Spain and France, making France the dominant power in Europe
 * French gain control of the Franco-German border

Other Facts

 * Austrian Habsburgs didn't lose land in the end, but they lost their authoritative power
 * more than 300 German states recognized, ending the Holy Roman Empire as an entity

"The Thirty Years War." //Germany During the Reformation//. Boise State University, n.d. Web. 25. March. 2011. <[]>
 * Citations**