Italian+and+German+unification

Gabriel Hutter

Italian and German Unification


 * __Topic 1: Italian Unification__**
 * Victor Emmanuel II - King of Piedmont, which included island of Sardinia.
 * Prime Minister - Count Camilio de Cavour - moderate who favored constitutional government
 * Consummate politician with ability to persuade others.
 * pursued policy of economic expansion
 * Made agreement with Napoleon III. Emperor agreed to ally with Piedmont in driving the Austrians out of Italy provided that the war could be justified. Piedmont would be extended into the kingdom of Upper Italy by adding Lombardy, Venetia, Parma, Modena and part of the Papal states. A kingdom of Central Italy would be created for Napoleon III's younger cousin, who would be married to the daughter of King Victor Emmanuel.
 * Napoleon withdrew before planned, because the Austrian army had not yet been defeated.
 * Giuseppe Garibaldi - was a dedicated Italian patriot who had supported Mazzini and the republican cause of Young Italy.
 * Used his "Red Shirt" army.
 * Planned to March on Rome, but Cavour feared that it would bring the French in. he stopped Garibaldi.
 * On March 17,1861 a new kingdom of Italy was proclaimed under a centralized government subordinated to the control of Piedmont and King Victor Emmanuel II of the house of Savoy.
 * __Topic 2: German Unification__**
 * Prussia formed the Zollverein, a German customs union
 * King planned to double the size of the army, diminish the role of the //Landwehr,// the popular militia reserves that had first been formed to fight in Napoleon in 1806, and institute three years of compulsory military service.
 * Otto Von Bismarck - born into the Junker Class
 * Began to build a base of diplomatic experience as the Prussian delegate to the diet of the Germanic Confederation.
 * Practiced Realpolitik - the politics of reality.
 * Had ability to manipulate people and power makes that claim justified, but Bismarck also recognized the limitations of power.
 * Danish War - Bismarck's victories were as much diplomatic and political as they were military
 * arose over duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Denmark wanted to annex them.
 * Bismarck had come to the realization that for Prussia to expand its power by dominating the northern, largely protestant part of the Germanic confederation, Austria would havre to be excluded.
 * Austro-Prussian War - isolated Austrians, then goaded them into a war on June 14, 1866.
 * Rather decisive turning point in Prussian domestic affairs. After the war, Bismarck asked the Prussian parliament to pass a bill of indemnity., legalizing the taxes he had collected illegally since 1862,
 * Parliament consisted of two bodies, Bundesrat and the Reichstag.
 * Franco-Prussian War -1870-1871
 * started by Ems Telegram.
 * When Prussia won, France had to pay an indemnity of five million Francs (about one billion dollars).