The+Philosophes

Zachary Manlapid

=The Philosophes=

Descartes

 *  the existence of God and the separation of matter
 *  accepts only things that his reason said were true
 *  //**Discourse on Method**// - accepts the fact of doubt
 *  //**Cartesian dualism**// - the mind is separate from the body

Bernard de Fontenelle (1657-1757)

 *  direct link between the Scientific Revolution of the 17 th century and the philosophes of the 18 th
 *  //**Plurality of Worlds**// ; explains and tells science in an understandable way
 *  two lovers having a conversation about astronomy

Piere Bayle (1647-1706)

 *  new skepticism
 *  attacked superstition, religious intolerance, and dogmatism
 *  said that the compelling of people to believe a certain religion was wrong
 *  the individual's conscience should determine one's action
 *  complete tolerance of religion
 *  //**(Historical and Critical)**// //__**Dictionary**__//
 *  attacked traditional religions practices and heroes
 * “ Bible” of the 18      th century
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">  surrounding environment

John Locke
>> >>> >>> >>> //
 * <span style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> political ideas had enormous impact
 * <span style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> political ideas had enormous impact
 * <span style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> //**Essay Concerning Human Understanding**//
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> denies Descartes's belief in innate ideas
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> every person was born with a //__**tabula rosa**__//, or a blank mind
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> knowledge is derived from the surrounding environment

Charles Montesquieu (1689-1755)

 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> //**Persian Letters**// :
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> used format of Persians traveling through Europe to criticize French institutions
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> attacked traditional religion, advocated religious tolerance, denounced slavery, and used reason to liberate human beings from prejudice
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> //**The Spirit of the Laws**//
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> comparative study of government when scientific method was applied to its social/political arena
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Republics: small states based on citizen involvement
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Monarchy: middle sized states; ground in the ruling class's adherence to law
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Depotism: large empires dependent on fear to inspire obedience
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> read by the Framers of the U.S. Constitution

Francois-Marie Arouet/Votaire (1694-1778)

 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> **Oedipe** and **Henriade**
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> //**Philosophic Letters on the English**//
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> deep admiration of English life; merchants, scientists, writers, freedom of press, political freedom, religious tolerance
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Calas Affair
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Jean Calas accused of murdering his own son to prevent him from becoming a Catholic
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> tortured to confess and died from it
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Voltaire was angry at this and published broadsides about it, arousing public opinion
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Calas retrialed and found innocent; son committed suicide

Denis Diderot (1713-1784)

 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> condemned Christianity and constantly attacked it
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> argued for a materialistic conception of life
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> //__**Encyclopedia**__//// **(Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trade)** //
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> major weapon for philosophes against the old French society
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> attacked religious superstition and advocated tolerance
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> program for social, legal, and political improvements to make a cosmopolitan, tolerant, humane, and reasonable society

David Hume (1711-1776)

 * “<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> pioneering social scientist”
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> //__**Treatise on Human Nature**__//
 * “<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> An Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> observation and reflection + systematized common sense = science of man

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> // **(Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the)** ////__**Wealth of Nations**__//
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> condemned mercantilist use of protective tariffs
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> free trade a fundamental economic principle
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Labor was the true wealth of nations
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> the state should have no affairs in economics
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> government should be a passive policeman; army, police, and public works
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Physiocrats + Smith = foundation of Liberalism

Paul d'Holbach (1723-1789)

 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> preached strict doctrine of atheism and materialism
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> //__**System of Nature**__//
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> argued that everything in the universe consisted of matter in motion
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Humans were machines; God=product of the human mind/unnecessary for leading a moral life; humans need just reason

Marie-Jean de Condorcet (1743-1794)

 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> exaggerated claim for optimism
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> //__**The Progress of the Human Mind**__//
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> a survey of human history traveling through 9 stages
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> spread of science and reason leads humans to the 10 th stage, Perfection

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> //__**Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind**__//
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> humans in primitive condition were happy
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> adopted laws and governors to protect private property
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> //__**The Social Contract**__//
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> tried to harmonize individual liberty with governmental authority
 * “<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> social contract” was the agreement for the entire society to by governed by general will
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> liberty achieved through being forced to follow what was best for all people
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> what was best for all was best for the individual
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> True Freedom is the adherence to laws that one imposed on one's self
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> laws never delegated by a Parliament
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> ultimate statement of participatory democracy
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> //__**Emile**__// ; most important Enlightenment work on education
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> novel; general treatise “on the education of the natural man”
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Emile encountered nature as a child; opened up to abstract ideas as an adolescent, and allowed to use reason as a young man
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> education should foster children's natural instinct
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> balance between heart and mind; precursor to the Romanticism movement