Enlightenment,Philosophers

Colleen Adams

 

 The era of new thinking in Europe Enlightenment/Philosophers/Astronomers (in other words ch 16 and 17)

> Kepler - **Philosophers **
 * Astronomers**
 * Ptolemy – geocentric system (earth is the center of the solar system)
 * Copernicus – astronomer
 * //On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres – //book about the heliocentric theory – sun-centered theory, that the moon travels around the earth
 * Brahe – new theory of solar-system between Ptolemic and Corpernicus
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Galileo – astronomer and mathematician
 * <span style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6; tab-stops: list .5in;">//<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dialogue – //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> what put him on house arrest
 * <span style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6; tab-stops: list .5in;">//<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Starry Messenger – //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> discovered moon, shining with reflected light, had an uneven, mountainous surface and the Milky Way was made up of numerous stars
 * <span style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Newton – under influence of Isaac Barrow
 * <span style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Principia – had all of his discoveries in it
 * <span style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Universal law of gravity –explanation of both falling bodies on the earth and the motion of planets, commits, and other bodies of heaven

**<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Other important people **
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Fontenelle – secretary of the French Royal Academy of Science, knew the scientific works of earlier centuries, made science a part of literature, //Plurality of Worlds//
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Locke – English philosopher, //Essays Concerning Human Understanding//, people were born with a blank mind, theorized on knowledge, thought we were affected (mood) by our environment
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Kant – German philosopher
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Bayle – critic of religious attitudes, attacked superstition, pushing people to accept a certain religion/ides was wrong, //Historical and Critical Dictionary//
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Montesquieu – applied scientific method to social and political view/ stuff, //Persian Letters, Spirit of the Lord//
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Votaire – Philosopher, //Oedipe, Henriade, Philosophic Letters on England,// and //Treaties on Toleration//
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Deism -
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Diderot – attacked Christianity, //Encyclopedia “The great Works of his Life"//
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Laissez-faire -
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Hume – thought observations and reflections were common sense, //Treaties on Human Nature//
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Smith – strong attack on mercantilism, tax on home industries, gold and silver were not nation wealth, state shouldn’t interfere with the government, //Wealth of the Nations//
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Condorcet – French philosopher, //The Progress of the Human Mind//
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Rousseau – philosopher, he didn’t practice what he preached, //Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind, The Social Contract, Emile//


 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Galen – 4 humors: blood, yellow bile, phlegm, and black bile
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Paracelsus – chemical philosophy, professor of medicine at Basel, father of modern medicine, diagnosis and treatment of disease
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Vesalius -
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">//On the Fabric of the Human Body//
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Harvey
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">//On the Motion of the Heart and Blood//
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Cavendish
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merian
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Winklemann
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Descartes
 * //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Discourse on Method //
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Cartesian dualism
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Bacon - created the scientific method, is still used in modern science
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Pascal - wrote the book //Pensees//
 * Rococo – grace and gentle actions, liked curves, love
 * Haydn – musical director for Hungarian Prince, wrote symphonies, songs, concerts, orators, // The Sealons, The Creation //
 * Handel – wrote for large public audiences (firework music), religious music, // Messiah //
 * Mozart – classical music, boy-genius, world’s greatest Italian operas// The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute, Don Giovanni //
 * Bach – Baroque music, music was means to worship God, organist and music director, religious and secular music
 * Cervantes


 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> D’Hollbach – atheist, //System of Nature//
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Wollstonecraft – European feminist, //Vindication of the Rights of Women//
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Beccaria – deterrents not as exercise, capital punishment //On Crimes and Punishment//
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Joseph II reforms -
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Pietism -
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> John Wesley -